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Atoms Are Built Up by Adding Electrons Although the nucleus of an atom is very dense, the electrons around it can take on a variety of positions which can be summarized as an electron configuration. An element's electron configuration can be represented using energy level diagrams, or Aufbau diagrams. The Aufbau principle (from the German Aufbau meaning "building up, construction") describes a model-building method in which an atom is "built up" by progressively adding electrons. As electrons are added, they assume the most stable shells with respect to the nucleus and the electrons already present. Filling in an Aufbau Diagram The order in which orbitals are filled is given by the Madelung rule. The rule is based on the total number of nodes in the atomic orbital, n + ℓ, which is related to the energy. In this context, n represents the principal quantum number and ℓ represents the azimuthal quantum number. The values ℓ = 0, 1, 2, 3 correspo...

Copyright: wiredcosmos When you view an atom, the first question you might ask is ‘what kind of atom is it?’ What you are really asking is ‘which element am I looking at?’ You can answer this by counting the number of protons in the atom. The number of protons , neutrons and electrons is the same in a neutral atom- that is, an atom with no charge. So, in a regular Calcium atom, there are 20 protons, 20 neutrons and 20 electrons. The electrons orbit around the nucleus and have a negative charge.  An isotope is a version of the element with a different number of neutrons. When the number of protons differs from the number of electrons, you have an ionic charge. A Calcium atom with 20 protons and 18 electrons has a charge of 2+ because it has 2 extra protons, which have a positive charge. A charged atom is called an ion . When the charge is positive, it is called an cation . If the Calcium gained two more electrons it would have a charge of 2- because it has ...

http://positivemed.com/2015/09/01/10-most-powerful-foods-in-the-world-which-destroy-cancer-cells/

Cancer affects everyone in some way. Considering cancer is such a vicious disease, it may seem a bit trivial to list off foods that can help kill off tiny cancer cells. While eating the following foods does not solve everything, they can be preventive agents that help destroy cancer cells at the base level and boost overall well-being.

Pleasantly sweet and tart, passion fruit, also known as granadilla , is brimming with numerous plant derived health benefiting nourishment essentials for the optimum growth. Passions are native to subtropical wild regions of South America, probably originated in Paraguay. The plant is a avid climber (vine) which grows on anything that it can grapple around through its tendrils. Botanically, this exotic fruit belongs to the family of Passifloraceae, in the genus; Passiflora . Scientific name: Passiflora edulis . The passiflora plant requires well-drained fertile soil, and good moisture to flourish. Once established, it grows quickly and reaches about 15-20 feet per year. The plant has an average life span of about 5-7 years. Over five hundred cultivate types of passions exist; however, only two main types, purple and yellow cultivars, are widely cultivated. Banana passion fruit (P. tripartita var. mollissima), known locally as curuba de castilla, features small banana fruit like shape ...

The importance of sleep to overall health and well-being. In fact, when people get less than 6 or 7 hours of sleep each night, their risk for developing diseases begins to increase. 1. Sleep Keeps Your Heart Healthy Heart attacks and strokes are more common during the early morning hours. This fact may be explained by the way sleep interacts with the blood vessels. Lack of sleep has been associated with worsening of blood pressure and cholesterol, all risk factors for heart disease and stroke. Your heart will be healthier if you get between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night. 2. Sleep May Prevent Cancer People working the late shift have a higher risk for breast and colon cancer . Researchers believe this link is caused by differing levels of melatonin in people who are exposed to light at night. Light exposure reduces the level of melatonin , a hormone that both makes us sleepy and is thought to protect against cancer. Melatonin appears to suppress the growth of tumors. Be sure that yo...

Watch: Sneak Veggies in Meatloaf + More One of the first foods that signals the start of spring is the appearance of fresh asparagus at local farmers’ markets and grocery stores. Just as spring is a time of new beginnings, asparagus is one of those veggies that I love to experiment with during this time of year. And just as a spear is used as a weapon, asparagus’s javelin-shaped form could be viewed as symbolic for its age- and disease-fighting abilities. Asparagus is just packed with health benefits: It’s loaded with nutrients: Asparagus is a very good source of fiber, folate, vitamins A, C, E and K, as well as chromium, a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells. This herbaceous plant—along with avocado, kale and Brussels sprouts—is a particularly rich source of glutathione, a detoxi...

Don Jazzy's father, Collins Enebeli took to his Facebook page a few hours ago to share this old photo (right) of himself with his children, including Don Jazzy and D'Prince. Can you spot them in the photo? See the close up after the cut...

Sitting comes naturally with living. Most daily tasks,from watching the television, eating, driving and performing official duties, are done in a comfortable sitting position. But there is overwhelming evidence associating prolonged sitting with mortality, with a few studies even insisting that a sedentary lifestyle is more lethal than obesity. Experts say an inactive lifestyle is a certain recipe for a complete degeneration of several parts of the body. According to them, sitting for long periods of time does not only lead to a strained neck and sore shoulders. They posit that an individual with a sedentary lifestyle has a greater risk of developing heart disease, a decrease in insulin production as well as colon, breast and endometrial cancer. A health practitioner, Dr. Ayo Falade, says it is important that people strike a balance when it comes to sitting for long periods. According to him, winning the war against a sedentary lifestyle comes with making conscious choices. ''T...

Sometimes, they may mean nothing, but other times, the following should be checked out with a doctor 1.RECURRENT HEADACHES Headaches can be innocent e.g after a stressful day at work, or could indicate something sinister e.g severe hypertension. 2.EXCESS URINATION Definitely, when one has taken in a lot of liquid, one is expected to urinate more, but on the flip side it could be an indication of diabetes. 3.SWOLLEN FEET This could occur as a result of standing for too long, in more serious cases it could be a symptom of cardiac or kidney problems. 4. REDUCED URINE OUTPUT If this is marked and significant , it could be a pointer towards an acute renal failure especially if the person has an adequate fluid intake. 5.EASY FATIGUE This could be a symptom of low blood levels, if accompanied with breathlessness, it could signify heart failure. 6.DELAYED URINE Especially in an elderly male, could signify an enlargement of the prostate gland, a condition known as Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (...

Saprophytes are the organisms that act as the rainforests decomposers, competing with the heavy rainfall which constantly washes away nutrients on the forest floors. Some fungi, called mycorrhizals, are examples of plant life that carry out this function. Decomposers work extremely efficiently and, together with the warmth and wetness which helps accelerate decomposition, can often break down dead animals and vegetation within 24 hours. Decomposition in montane forests, which are colder and less humid, however, can sometimes take up to six weeks. Many saprotrophs are so small, called microbes, that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Other decomposers, which include insects, grubs, snails, slugs, beetles and ants, aid in recycling valuable nutrients from dead organic matter which is then released back into the soil to be reabsorbed rapidly by plants and trees. Decayed matter contains essential nutrients like iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorous all of which are necessary to pro...

Farm tools are instruments we use in the farm to aid us in farm work, thereby making it easy. Such equipments include cutlass, wheel barrow hoe, shovel and axe. PICK AXE The pick axe is made up of a long wooden handle with a double headed thick metal blade that is attached to the handle through a loop. The head of the pick axe is made up of two edges, one part of the end of the blade is pointed, while the other end is flat and sharp edged. They are mainly used for breaking up of hard soil, and digging up of roots and tree stumps. HAND FORK When it is viewed, the hand fork, looks like the kitchen fork we eat with, just that it is a little bit bigger, it has a short wooden or metal handle with four prongs. It is used in mixing manure into the soil, for breaking the surface of the soil, so that air and water, can pass easily and it is also used for the removal of weeds on the seed bed. HAND TROWEL It is boat shaped or it is either curved sloop metal blade that is attached to a short woode...

Most stranglers are members of the fig family. In Spanish they are known as matapalo - 'killer tree'. The seed of the strangler fig starts life as an epiphyte high in the trees, borne by birds and monkeys which eat the fig fruit. The seedling fig sends down long roots to the ground from where it begins to surround the host tree. It grows quickly and eventually suffocates the host: when the host tree dies it leaves an enormous upright strangler with a hollow core. By using an adult tree as its host, the strangler fig avoids competition for light and nutrients at ground level.

Ninety per cent of the world's vine species grow in tropical rainforests. Lianas are a type of climbing vine found throughout tropical rainforests. They have thick, woody stems and come in various lengths (up to 3,000 ft) and varying shapes. They begin life on the forest floor but depend on trees for support as they climb upwards towards the sunlight they need for survival. They do this by attaching themselves to trees with sucker roots or tendrils and growing with the young sapling, or they climb by winding themselves round the tree's trunk. When they reach the top of the canopy they often spread to other trees or wrap themselves around other lianas. This network of vines gives support against strong winds to the shallow-rooted, top-heavy trees. However, when one tree falls several others may be pulled down also. Lianas include rattan palms, philodendron and Strychnos toxifera (from which the deadly poison strychnine is obtained). Rattans, the Asian lianas, have thorny stems a...

Both tropical and rainforests feature an incredible array of plants. Those that dangle from trees, rocks and vertical supports are called epiphytes. Tree epiphytes are called air plants because they have no firm grip in the earth. This fascinating collection of plants is also fun to grow indoors or out in the garden. Find answers on what is an epiphyte plant so you can introduce this unique form to your indoor or outdoor landscape. WHAT IS AN EPIPHYTE PLANT? The word epiphyte comes from the Greek "epi", which means "upon" and "phyton", which means plant. One of the amazing adaptations of epiphytes is their ability to attach to vertical surfaces and capture their water and much of their nutrient needs from sources other than soil. They may be found on branches, trunks and other structures. While epiphytes may live on other plants, they are not parasites. There are many types of epiphytes, with the majority being found in tropical and cloud forests. They get...

BROMELIAD (Bromeliaceae) BOTANY: There are more than 2,700 species of bromeliads. One of the most well-known bromeliads is the pineapple. Bromeliads typically have bright red, orange,purple or blue flowers, and can grow in a number of different ways: they can be terrestrial, growing on the ground; saxicolous, growing on rocks; or epiphytic, growing on other plants and trees. Epiphytic bromeliads have the ability to absorb nutrients and moisture from the atmosphere, so they are sometimes called "air plants." Hundreds of these plants can grow on branches of tropical trees, sometimes causing the branches to break under their weight. HABITAT: Bromeliads are native to the Neotropics. One species now thrives in western Africa, and is thought to have been introduced accidentally. Did You Know? Many bromeliads have stiff, overlapping leaves which hold rainfall like buckets. Leaves and debris fall into these reservoirs and help algae and other single-celled organisms to grow, which in...

Saprophytes are the organisms that act as the rainforests decomposers, competing with the heavy rainfall which constantly washes away nutrients on the forest floors. Some fungi, called mycorrhizals, are examples of plant life that carry out this function. Decomposers work extremely efficiently and, together with the warmth and wetness which helps accelerate decomposition, can often break down dead animals and vegetation within 24 hours. Decomposition in montane forests, which are colder and less humid, however, can sometimes take up to six weeks. Many saprotrophs are so small, called microbes, that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. Other decomposers, which include insects, grubs, snails, slugs, beetles and ants, aid in recycling valuable nutrients from dead organic matter which is then released back into the soil to be reabsorbed rapidly by plants and trees. Decayed matter contains essential nutrients like iron, calcium, potassium and phosphorous all of which are necessary to pro...

An ornamental plant is grown for decoration, rather than food or other by-products. Ornamental plants may be grown in a flowerbed, shaped into a hedge or placed in a sunny apartment window. They are most often intentionally planted for aesthetic appeal, but a plant that occurs naturally and enhances the landscape could also be considered ornamental. While the most apparent use of ornamental plants is for visual effect, they serve a few less obvious purposes. 1) ADD BEAUTY Ornamental plants are used in landscapes and throughout the home to beautify the surroundings. A large, tropical plant in a living room provides a pop of color and helps soften harsh lines from furniture and architectural design. Colorful flowering ornamental plants break up the browns and greens that naturally occur outside. A large dogwood tree in the center of the front yard awakens with brilliant pink or white blossoms to flood the yard with color in spring. Exposed concrete block foundations are commonly conceale...

1) TROPICAL RAINFOREST Hugely dense, lush forest with canopies preventing sunlight from getting to the floor of the forest. All year high temperatures and abundant rainfall. Located near the equator. A vital storehouse of biodiversity, sustaining millions of different animals, birds, algae and fish species. 2) SUB-TROPICAL FOREST Located at the south and north of the tropical forests. Trees here are adapted to resist the summer drought. 3) MEDITERRANEAN FORESTS located at the south of the temperate regions around the coasts of the Mediterranean, California, Chile and Western Australia. The growing season is short and almost all trees are evergreen, but mixed with hardwood and softwood. 4) TEMPERATE FORESTS Located at Eastern North America, Northeastern Asia, and western and eastern Europe. Mix of deciduous and coniferous evergreen trees. Usually, the broad-leaved hardwood trees shed leaves annually. There are well-defined seasons with a distinct winter and sufficient rainfall. 5) CONIF...

You know fish is a great source of lean protein and nutrients, but a slew of new research has uncovered more amazing reasons to go fish. The good news is if you're not a fish fan, most new research indicates that eating fish only once or twice a week can be enough to reap the benefits. Meanwhile, the National Institute of Health recommends that people consume at least 2 percent of their total daily calories as omega-3 fatty acids, which equals about 4 grams per day. One four-ounce piece of salmon (one of the highest natural sources of omega-3s) contains about 1.5 grams of the fatty acid. Other fish, such as tuna, sardines, and halibut, also contains high levels. If you don't eat animal products or have trouble fitting fish into your diet, you can get your daily recommended amount of fatty acids through omega-3 DHA/fish oil supplements. Although new data from Consumer Reports suggests that more Americans are buying omega-3 supplements than ever before, the doctor- recommended wa...